Past participle (orperfectparticiple) is formed by addition of "-ta" to the stem.
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Wikipedia
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This means that instead of "while" and "as", "after" and "when" are the conjunctions in translations, or aperfectparticipleis applied and not a present one.
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Wikipedia
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Optative is in its form identical to theperfectparticiple.
From
Wikipedia
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Consequently, regular preterites may be formed by suffixing agreement markers to a ' past ' stem in -t, while perfect participles are formed by prefixing ge-.
From theCambridge English Corpus
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