Thus, the direct impact of the two trematode species on theircocklehosts has cascading effects extending to the entire intertidal community.From theCambridge English Corpus
Secondly, the otherwise smooth mudflat surface will have greater heterogeneity, with surface-stranded cockles providing refuges and attachment substrate for other organisms.From theCambridge English Corpus
In concert, these interactions may cause the foot of heavily infected cockles to be literally immobilized.From theCambridge English Corpus
We compared the relative distribution of the two echinostome species among different locations in the foot and in the rest of thecockle.From theCambridge English Corpus
Results indicate that these two species are ecological equivalents, and their combined numbers determine how thecocklepopulation is affected.From theCambridge English Corpus
The data are from three cockles per site; total numbers of metacercariae of both species are given in the figure.From theCambridge English Corpus
Several epibiotic, or fouling, organisms usecockleshells as attachment substrates and even compete for space in areas where they are abundant.From theCambridge English Corpus
The final hosts are oystercatchers that feed on the cockles during low tide.From theCambridge English Corpus
The following day it was confirmed that all cockles had burrowed and were filtering.From theCambridge English Corpus
Below : outline ofcocklefoot showing the approximate footsection boarders and metacercariae ($).From theCambridge English Corpus
This is not what we would expect if there were only one species infecting cockles.From theCambridge English Corpus
However, a small foot will by no means make burrowing easier for the cockles.From theCambridge English Corpus
This seemingly minor effect oncocklehosts has several major repercussions on the entire intertidal community.From theCambridge English Corpus
Mudflats are also used as culture beds for cockles.From theCambridge English Corpus
This suggests that mortality may be very high in young cockles.From theCambridge English Corpus
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