by
preposition
uk/baɪ/us/baɪ/bypreposition(AGENT)
A2
used to show thepersonor thing that does something:
（用于表示动作的施动者）被，由Themotorcyclewasdrivenby atinybaldman.那辆摩托车由一个秃顶的小个子男人驾驶。
We wereamazedby what she told us.我们对她所说的事感到很惊讶。
I'mreadingsomeshortstories(written) by Chekhov.我在读契诃夫写的一些短篇小说。
Thebookwastranslatedby a well-knownauthor.这本书是由一位著名作家翻译的。
Ifeltfrightenedby theangerin hisvoice.我被他声音中的怒气吓坏了。
- Theroofof thetemplewasheldup by arowofthickstonecolumns.
- The girl'smotherwas athometoday, beingcomfortedbyrelatives.
- TheEnglishwereconqueredby the Normans in 1066.
- Thetemperatureiscontrolledby athermostat.
- Anypaintingby Van Gogh isworthafortune.
Linguistics: connecting words which express a condition
- assuming (that)
- at
- at the risk of doingsomethingidiom
- ceteris paribus
- even
- granted
- if
- lest
- long
- provided (that)
- risk
- suppose
- unless
- whether
bypreposition(METHOD)
A2
used to show how something is done:
（用于表示方式）TheytravelledacrossEuropebytrain/car.他们乘火车／开汽车在欧洲旅行。
She did thedecorating(all)by herself(=alone, withouthelpfrom anyone).所有装饰都是她一人做的。
We went in by(= through)thefrontdoor.我们是从前门进去的。
Do youwantto bepaidincashor bycheque?你想拿现金还是支票？
HelearnedEnglishbylisteningto theradio.他通过听收音机来学习英语。
Suddenly, shegrabbedhim by thearm(= tookholdof thispartof hisbody).突然，她抓住了他的手臂。
Irefusetoliveby(=following)theirrules.我拒绝遵守他们的规矩。
- Shecheatedin thetestbycopyingfrom theboyinfront.
- I don't have anycashon me, so could Ipaybycheque?
- Whenever Itravelbytrain, I alwaystravelfirstclass.
- Hemanagedtostayafloatbyholdingon to thesideof theboat.
- Thepilotavoidedacollisionbychangingcourse.
Ways of achieving things
- actively
- another
- approach
- avenue
- bases
- basis
- device
- formula
- media
- method
- methodological
- methodologically
- methodology
- strategy
- styleless
- stylistic
- stylistically
- technique
- thus
- vehicle
bypreposition(POSITION)
B1
near or at thesideof:
在…旁边，在…附近Asmallchildstoodsullenlyby herside.一个小孩闷闷不乐地站在她身边。
Hewantedtokeephercloseby him always.他想让她一直呆在自己身边。
Thepolicewomanwalkedby(= past)them without saying a word.那个女警察没说一句话就从他们身边走过去了。
- Wespentaweekby thecoast.
- Heheldmyarmsdown by mysides.
- He has ahousedown by theharbour.
- Shesatreadingby thefireside.
Closeness in distance and time
- a hair's breadthidiom
- a stone's throwidiom
- about
- ace
- anywhere
- anywhere nearidiom
- approachable
- around
- float
- float around
- hand to handidiom
- hard by
- here
- proximity
- roof
- round the corneridiom
- shadow
- shout
- step
- super-convenient
bypreposition(NOT LATER THAN)
A2
notlaterthan; at or before:
不迟于；早于She hadpromisedto be back by five o'clock.她答应过5点前回来。
Theapplicationmust be in by the 31st to beaccepted.申请必须在31号之前到达才会被接受。
By thetimeI got to thestationthetrainhad already gone.等我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了。
before something
- beforeTry to arrive before the start of the meeting.
- prior toAll utensils should be washed prior to use.
- in advance ofCall in advance of your visit to see if you'll need a parking reservation.
- ahead ofMy sister is arriving ahead of me to do the shopping for the dinner.
- byMake sure you're back by midnight.
- We arecommittedtowithdrawingourtroopsby the end of theyear.
- Allcontributionsfor theschoolmagazinemust bereceivedby 1August.
- We need afirmdecisionby the end of theweek.
- I've got to behomeby seven.
- Iaimto be amillionaireby thetimeI'm 35.
Before, after and already
- advance
- afore
- afterwards
- already
- ante
- as it isidiom
- before
- heel
- immediate
- in advanceidiom
- in advance ofsomething/someoneidiom
- in the wake ofsomethingidiom
- next
- prior
- prologue
- quondam
- second-wave
- secondarily
- secondary
- wake
bypreposition(MEASUREMENT)
B2
used to showmeasurementsoramounts:
（用于表示度量或数量）Ourofficefloorspacemeasuredtwelvemetresby ten(= was twelvemetresin onedirectionand ten in the other).我们办公室的面积为12乘10米。
Theirwageswereincreasedby 15percent.他们的工资上涨了15%。
Freelanceworkersarepaidby thehour(= for everyhourtheywork).自由职业者按小时领取报酬。
Thesephoneshavesoldby the thousand(= several thousand have beensold).这些电话已经售出几千台。
minute by minute/hour by hour/day by day, etc.(alsoby the minute/hour/day, etc.)
used to say that somethingincreasesorchangeswith everyminute,hour,day, etc. thatpasses:
随着每分钟（每小时，每天，等）的过去Thedeathtollfrom thehurricanewasclimbingminutebyminute.
minute-by-minute/hour-by-hour, etc.
describingorshowingwhathappenseveryminute,hour, etc.:
每分钟（每小时等）的（变化）Policepresenteda minute-by-minutetimelineof theincident.
Linguistics: connecting words which express a condition
- assuming (that)
- at
- at the risk of doingsomethingidiom
- ceteris paribus
- even
- granted
- if
- lest
- long
- provided (that)
- risk
- suppose
- unless
- whether
bypreposition(DURING)
during:
在…期间Wetravelledbynightandrestedbyday.我们昼伏夜行。
Simultaneous and consecutive
- accompany
- all the whileidiom
- along
- along the wayidiom
- alternate
- even
- go along
- in rotationidiom
- in tandemidiom
- in the processidiom
- live stream
- process
- soon
- step
- successive
- successively
- sync
- through
- turn
- while
by nature, profession, trade, etc.
used whendescribingsomeone'scharacter,job, etc.:
本性（职业等）上She is, bynature, asunny,positivekindofperson.她本性是那种乐观开朗、积极向上的人。
be all right/fine bysomeone
If something is allright/fineby someone, theyagreethat it canhappen:
同意，不反对"I'drathergolater." "That'sfineby me."“我想晚点去。”“我没意见。”
Grammar
By
By is a preposition or an adverb.…Byand time
We use by meaning ‘not later than’ to refer to arrangements and deadlines:…Byand the passive
When we use the passive voice, we can use a phrase with by to say who did the action:…Bymeaning ‘how to do something’
We use by + -ing form to describe how to do something:…By+myselfetc.
When we say by + myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, it means ‘alone’. We sometimes use all for emphasis:…Byand place
We use by to mean ‘beside’ or ‘at the side of’:…Byand measurements and amounts
We use by to talk about measurements, and increases and decreases in amounts:…Bymeaning ‘during’
We sometimes use by + day and by + night to mean ‘during the day or the night’:…Bymeaning ‘written’ or ‘composed’
We use by when we talk about the writers of books, songs, poems, symphonies, etc.:…By: typical errors
We say by car, by bus, by plane etc. but if there is a determiner (e.g. a/an, the, some, his), we say in or on:…Before,by,till,until
If you have to do something before a certain point in time, then when that point arrives, the action must already be completed:…by
adverb
uk/baɪ/us/baɪ/B1
at thesideof or (indistanceortime) past:
经过Thepolicewomanwalkedby without saying a word.那个女警察没说一句话就走过去了。
Why don't youcallin for acupofcoffeenexttimeyou'repassingby?下次你路过的时候干吗不进来喝杯咖啡呢？
Theyearsflewby.岁月飞逝。
- I was justpassingby, so IthoughtI'ddropin for achat.
- HetappedBrownon theshoulderas he went by.
Closeness in distance and time
- a hair's breadthidiom
- a stone's throwidiom
- about
- ace
- anywhere
- anywhere nearidiom
- approachable
- around
- float
- float around
- hand to handidiom
- hard by
- here
- proximity
- roof
- round the corneridiom
- shadow
- shout
- step
- super-convenient
Grammar
By
By is a preposition or an adverb.…Byand time
We use by meaning ‘not later than’ to refer to arrangements and deadlines:…Byand the passive
When we use the passive voice, we can use a phrase with by to say who did the action:…Bymeaning ‘how to do something’
We use by + -ing form to describe how to do something:…By+myselfetc.
When we say by + myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, it means ‘alone’. We sometimes use all for emphasis:…Byand place
We use by to mean ‘beside’ or ‘at the side of’:…Byand measurements and amounts
We use by to talk about measurements, and increases and decreases in amounts:…Bymeaning ‘during’
We sometimes use by + day and by + night to mean ‘during the day or the night’:…Bymeaning ‘written’ or ‘composed’
We use by when we talk about the writers of books, songs, poems, symphonies, etc.:…By: typical errors
We say by car, by bus, by plane etc. but if there is a determiner (e.g. a/an, the, some, his), we say in or on:…Idiom
by and by