Ladefoged's dissertation was on the nature of vowel quality, specifically on the cardinal vowels and their articulatory vs. auditory basis.
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Acardinalvowelis a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.
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Its vowel system has eight vowels which are rather similar to the eight primary cardinal vowels.
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Three of the cardinal vowels, and have articulatory definitions.
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