Secondary decay products of thorium include radium andactinium.
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Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity,actiniumhas no significant industrial use.
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The actinide series derives its name from the group 3 elementactinium.
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The new name meant parent ofactiniumand reflected the fact thatactiniumis a product of radioactive decay of protactinium.
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The former reaction is carried out at room temperature, by adding hydrofluoric acid to a solution containingactiniumions.
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Chemically,actiniumis similar to lanthanum, which is explained by their similar ionic radii and electronic structure.
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Actiniumis mostly present in uranium-containing, but also in other minerals, though in much smaller quantities.
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All actinides are radioactive, paramagnetic, and, with the exception ofactinium, have several crystalline phases: plutonium has seven, and uranium, neptunium and californium three.
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The fourth element, eitheractiniumor lawrencium, has only radioactive isotopes.
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Several isotopes of bismuth with short half-lives occur within the radioactive disintegration chains ofactinium, radium, and thorium, and more have been synthesized experimentally.
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After the synthesis,actiniumis separated from radium and from the products of decay and nuclear fusion, such as thorium, polonium, lead and bismuth.
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Beginning with naturally occurring thorium-232, this series includes the following elements:actinium, bismuth, lead, polonium, radium, and radon.
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Elements 121 and 122 should be homologs ofactiniumand thorium, respectively.
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Actiniumreacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating ofactiniumoxide that impedes further oxidation.
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The major difficulty in separation ofactiniumis the similarity of its properties with those of lanthanum.
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